Voiced uvular fricative 

IPA – number 143
IPA – text ʁ
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity ʁ
X-SAMPA R
Kirshenbaum g"
Sound sample (help·info)

The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʁ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, [ʁ̝]. (The approximant can be specified by adding the downtack, [ʁ̞].)

Contents

Features

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern Frenchcitation needed to several dialects and registers of Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish. However, not all of these remain a uvular trill today. In Danish, the r is a pharyngeal approximant in all but the most conservative speech. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a voiceless velar fricative [x], voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or a voiceless glottal fricative [h]. Because such uvular rhotics don't often contrast with alveolar ones, <r> may often be used to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz цыҕ [tsəʁ] 'marten'
Adyghe гъызын [ʁəzən] 'to wail'
Aleut Atkan dialect chamĝul [tʃɑmʁul] 'to wash'
Armenian քաղաքավար [kʰaʁakʰaˈvaɹ] 'polite'
Avar тIагъур [tʼaˈʁur] 'cap'
Chilcotin [ʁəlkɪʃ] 'he walks'
Danish rød [ʁɶð] 'red' See Danish phonology
French rester [ʁɛste] 'to stay' See French phonology
German1 Frau [fʁaʊ̯] 'woman' See German phonology
Modern Hebrew רע [ʁa] 'bad' May also be trilled. See Hebrew phonology
Kabardian гъэ [ʁɑ] 'let'
Kabyle bbeγ [bːəʁ] 'to dive'
Kazakh саған [sɑˈʁɑn] 'you (singular dative)'
Kyrgyz жамгыр [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Norwegian western rar [ʁɑːʁ] 'strange'
Portuguese European2 carro [ˈkaʁu] 'car' See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Sakha тоҕус [toʁus] 'nine'
Tatar яңгыр, yañğır [jɒŋˈʁɯr] 'rain'
Tsez агъи [ˈʔaʁi] 'bird'
Ubykh [ʁa] 'his, her, its' Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uzbek ёмғир, yomg´ir [jɒmˈʁɨr] 'rain'
Yiddish רעגן [ˈʁɛgŋ] 'rain'
Zhuang roek [ʁɔ̌k] 'six'
Yukaghir Northern example needed -- --

See also

References

  1. ^ Wiese (1996:171)
  2. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)

Bibliography

v • d • e
Consonants
List · Table
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols  • talk
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ  Affr.  p̪͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
See also IPA · Vowels

The Letter "R"
General: The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R
Pronunciations: Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Variations: R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark symbol) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R)