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Samaritan Hebrew language |
| Samaritan Hebrew עברית ‘Ivrit |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | [ʔiwˈʁiθ] | |
| Spoken in: | Israel and Palestinian Authority territories, predominantly in Samaria and Holon. | |
| Total speakers: | fewer than 1,000; liturgical only | |
| Language family: | Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic Central Semitic Northwest Semitic Canaanite Samaritan Hebrew |
|
| Writing system: | Samaritan abjad | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | none | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | heb | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans. It is used in the reading tradition of the Samaritan Pentateuch.
Contents |
It is written in the Samaritan alphabet, a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (itself a variation of what phoenicians used as a alphabet, see, the Phoenician alphabet), whereas all other varieties of Hebrew are written in the later Hebrew alphabet, a variation on the Aramaic alphabet.
The Samaritan pronunciation of Hebrew differs in several respects from most others. The laryngeals He and Cheth have disappeared or turned into vowels. Behth and Waw both are pronounced as b (in fact, the letters' names are pronounced Bîhth and Baa), only the waw-conjunctive is pronounced as u. There is no double pronunciation of the Shin like Jewish Hebrew; it is always pronounced sh. Consonants with dagesh are pronounced geminate. Stress is commonly penultimate rather than ultimate.
Name
- ’Ā´lāph. ' /ʔ/
- Bîhth. /b/
- Gā´mān. /ɡ/
- Dā´lath. /d/
- Iē’. /ey/,
- Báā. /b/
- Zēn. /z/
- Īhth.
- Tihth. /tˁ/
- Yūhth. /y/
- Káph. /k/ - [x] allophonically
- Lā´bāth. /l/
- Mīīm. /m/
- Nūn. /n/
- Sîn´gath/Sîn´kath. /s/
- ‛A´yîn. /ʕ/
- Phī’. /f/
- Tsa•dhey´. /tzsˁ/ /tş/
- Qūhph. /qˁ/
- Rīhšh. /ɾ/
- šhān. /š/ (sh)
- Táph./t/
| I | anáki |
| you (male) | átta |
| you (female) | átti (note the final yohdh) |
| he | û |
| she | î |
| we | anánu |
| you (male, plural) | attímma |
| you (female, plural) | éttên |
| they (male) | ímma |
| they (female) | ínna |
This: masc. ze, fem. zéot, pl. ílla.
That: alaz (written with a he at the beginning).
Who, which: éšar.
Who? = mi. What? = ma.
When suffixes are added, ê and ô in the last syllable may become î and û: bôr (Judean bohr) "pit" > búrôt "pits". Note also af "anger" > éppa "her anger".
Segolates behave more or less as in other Hebrew varieties: beţen "stomach" > báţnek "your stomach", ke′seph "silver" > ke′sefánu (Judean Hebrew kaspe′nu) "our silver", dérek > dirkakimma "your (m. pl.) road" but áreş (in Judean Hebrew: ’e′rets) "earth" > árşak (Judean Hebrew ’arts-ekha) "your earth".
The definite article is a- or e-, and causes gemination of the following consonant, unless it is a guttural; it is written with a he, but as usual, the h is silent. Thus, for example: énnar / ánnar = "the youth"; ellêm = "the meat"; a'émur = "the donkey".
Regular plural suffixes are -êm, Judean Hebrew -im) masc., -ôt (Judean Hebrew: -oth.) fem: eyyamêm "the days", elamôt "dreams".
Dual is sometimes -ayem (Judean Hebrew: a′yim) (šenatayem "two years"), usually -êm like the plural (yédêm "hands", Judean Hebrew yadhayim.)
Samaritans have the tradition of either spelling out loud with the Samaritan letters
"Yohth, Ie', Baa, Ie’ "
or saying "Shema" meaning "(The Divine) Name" in Aramaic, similar to Judean Hebrew "Ha-Shem" .
Affixes are:
| perfect | imperfect | |
| I | -ti | e- |
| you (male) | -ta | ti- |
| you (female) | -ti | ? |
| he | - | yi- |
| she | -a | ti- |
| we | ? | ne- |
| you (plural) | -tímma | te- -un |
| you (female, plural) | -tên | ? |
| they (male) | -u | yi- -u |
| they (female) | ? | ti- -inna |
"in, using", pronounced:
"as, like", pronounced:
"to" pronounced:
"and" pronounced:
Other prepositions:
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