Part of a series on Trade routes
Amber Road · Hærvejen . Incense Route
Kamboja-Dvaravati Route . King's Highway
Roman-India routes . Royal Road
Silk Road · Spice Route . Tea route
Varangians to the Greeks · Via Maris
Triangular trade .Volga trade route
Trans-Saharan trade . Salt Route
Hanseatic League . Grand Trunk Road

The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries.

In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term 'international' trade cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world.

Chronology of events

The desert Cities in the Negev were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient Incense Route.

Ancient

• Records from the 19th century BC attest to the existence of an Assyrian merchant colony at Kanesh in Cappadocia.¹

• The domestication of camel allows Arabian nomads to control long distance trade in spices and silk from the Far East.²

• The Egyptians trade in the Red sea, importing spices from the "Land of Punt" and from Arabia.³

• Indian goods are brought in Arabian vessels to Aden.⁴

• The "ships of Tarshish", a Tyrian fleet equipped at Ezion Geber, make several trading voyages to the East bringing back gold, silver, ivory and precious stones.⁵

• Tiglath-Pileser III attacks Gaza in order to control trade along the Incense Route.⁶

• The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty exploits trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement.⁷

• The cargo from the India and Egypt trade is shipped to Aden.⁸

Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE.

• The Silk Road is established after the diplomatic travels of the Han Dynasty Chinese envoy Zhang Qian to Central Asia, with Chinese goods making their way to India, Persia, and the Roman Empire, and vice versa.

• With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans initiate trade with India.⁹

• The goods from the East African trade are landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos.¹⁰

• Myos Hormos and Berencie (rose to prominence during the 1st century BCE) appear to have been important ancient trading ports.¹¹

• Gerrha controls the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercises control over the trading of aromatics to Babylon in the 1st century BC.¹² Additionally, it served as a port of entry for goods shipped from India to the East.¹³

• Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, Yemen attracts settlers from the fertile crescent.¹⁴

The economy of the Kingdom of Qataban (light blue) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and Abyssinia where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.

• Pre-Islamic Meccans use the old Incense Route to benefit from the heavy Roman demand for luxury goods.¹⁵

• In Java and Borneo, the introduction of Indian culture creates a demand for aromatics. These trading outposts later serve the Chinese and Arab markets.¹⁶

• Following the demise of the incense trade Yemen takes to the export of coffee via the Red Sea port of al-Mocha.¹⁷

Middle Ages

• The Abbasids use Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and China.¹⁸

• At the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital at Chang'an becomes a major metropolitan center for foreign trade, travel, and residence. This role would be assumed by Kaifeng and Hangzhou during the Song Dynasty.

• Guangzhou was China's greatest international seaport during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), but its importance was eclipsed by the international seaport of Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

• Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden pay tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen.¹⁹

• Indian exports of spices find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (fourteenth century).²⁰

• The Hanseatic League secures trading privileges and market rights in England for goods from the League's trading cities in 1157.

Modern

Early modern

This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama heading for the first time to India (black) as well as the trips of Pêro da Covilhã (orange) and Afonso de Paiva (blue). The path common to both is the green line.

• Due the Turkish hold on the Levant during the second half of the fifteenth century the traditional Spice Route shifts from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea.²¹

• Portuguese diplomat Pero da Covilha (1460 – after 1526) undertakes a mission to explore the trade routes of the Near East and the adjoining regions of Asia and Africa. The exploration commenced from Santarem (1487) to Barcelona, Naples, Alexandria, Cairo and ultimately to India.

• Portuguese explorer and adventurer Vasco da Gama is credited with establishing another sea route from Europe to India.

• In the 1530s, the Portuguese ship spices to Hormuz.²²

• Japan introduced a system of foreign trade licenses to prevent smuggling and piracy in 1592.

• The first Dutch expedition left from Amsterdam (April 1595) for South East Asia.²³

• A Dutch convoy sailed in 1598 and returned one year later with 600, 000 pounds of spices and other East Indian products.²⁴

• The Dutch East India Company is formed in 1602.

• The first English outpost in the East Indies is established in Sumatra in 1685.

• The seventeenth century saw military disturbances around the Ottawa river trade route.²⁵ During the late eighteenth century, the French built military forts at strategic locations along the main trade routes of Canada.²⁶ These forts checked the British advances, served as trading posts which included the Native Americans in fur trade and acted as communications posts.²⁷

• In 1799, The Dutch East India company, formerly the world's largest company goes bankrupt, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade.

Later modern

Monopolistic activity by the company triggered the Boston Tea Party.

• Japan is served by the Portuguese from Macao and later by the Dutch.²⁸

• By 1815, the first shipment of nutmegs from Sumatra had arrives in Europe.²⁹

• Grenada becomes involved in Spice Trade.³⁰

• Opium War (1840)- Britain invades China to overturn the Chinese bar on opium imports.

• Despite the late entry of America in the spice trade merchants from Salem, Massachusetts trade profitably with Sumatra during the early half of the nineteenth century.³¹

• Free trade agreement (1860) finalized between Britain and France under the presidency of Napoleon III, prepared by Michel Chevalier and Richard Cobden, sparks off successive agreements between other countries in Europe.

• The Japanese Meiji Restoration (1868)leads the way to Japan opening its borders and quickly industrializing through free trade. Under bilateral treaties restraint of trade imports to Japan were forbidden.

• In 1873, the Wiener Börse slump signals the start of the continental Long Depression, during which support for protectionism grows.

Post war

• In 1946. the Bretton Woods system goes into effect; it had been planned since 1944 as an international economic structure to prevent further depressions and wars. It included institutions and rules intended to prevent national trade barriers being erected, as the lack of free trade was considered by many to have been a principal cause of war.

• In 1947, 23 countries agree to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to rationalize trade among the nations.

A world map of WTO participation:      members      members, dually represented with the European Communities      observer, ongoing accession      observer      non-member, negotiations pending      non-member

• European Free Trade Association is established in 1960.

• The Zangger Committee is formed in 1971 to advise on the interpretation of nuclear goods in relation to international trade and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

• October 16, 1973: OPEC raises the Saudi light crude export price, and mandate an export cut the next day, plus an Embargo on oil exports to nations allied with Israel in the course of the Yom Kippur War.

• The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was created in 1974 to moderate international trade in nuclear related goods, after the explosion of a nuclear device by a non-nuclear weapon State.

• January 1, 1994: the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) takes effect.

• January 1, 1995: World Trade Organization is created to facilitate free trade, by mandating mutual most favored nation trading status between all signatories.

See also

Notes

References

External links

• The BBC's illustrated history of free trade
• The Cato institute says free trade has brought wealth to countries engaging in it for 500 years.
• A chronology of maritime Asian trade from 425 BC (Chinese silk trade with Greece by sea.) to 1700
• Tariffs and Subsidies - The Literal Cost of High Fructose Corn Syrup
• Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities: a dictionary of trade in Britain, 1550-1820. Part of British History Online, by permission of the University of Wolverhampton.