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Conventional Egyptian chronology
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- For a general discussion, see Egyptian chronology. For a similar list, see List of Pharaohs.
This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology.
Introduction
This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. All dates are in the chronology are BC.
Sources
- Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt.
- The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 1980).
- The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) High, Middle or Low (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
- Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
- The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1973, Warminster).
- (Ed., This information has been supplemented from The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.)
- Note
- There is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.
Conventional Chronology
This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in A Test of Time (1995, Century). Though David Rohl bases his chronology on a number of conjectures which remain controversial such as there being more than one coterminous Dynasty in certain periods of Egyptian history and his spread or range of disagreement with other sources is close to three centuries in places, his theories have served to show how flimsy the substantive parts of Egyptian chronology actually are in places.
- See also
- Egyptian chronology, Pharaoh, Chronology of the Ancient Near East
- In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence. Budge, in The Nile (Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt, 1902) lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herakleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th.
Kings with Unknown Position
9th and 10th Dynasties 2135-1986
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)
- In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
- Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.
- Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
- hrw (mn?)|
- hrw (Antef)|
- hrw (Antef)|
- hrw (?)|
- Neter nefer (Antef)|
- nswbt Sa Ra Antef
- nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
- nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
- nswbt (kau ra)|
- nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
- nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
- nswbt se nfr ra
- nswbt wsr s n ra
- nswbt neb nem Ra
- nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 2007-1986 (Ruled Lower Egypt.)
- nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956 (United Upper and Lower Egypt.)
- nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
- nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
- nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
- nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|
Unknown Position
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)
- nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
- nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
- nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
- nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
- nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
- nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772 (1844-1797)
- nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat IV (Maakherure) 1772-1763 (1799-1783)
- nswbt (sebek nfru ra)| Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763-1759 (1787-1783)
21 kings for about 63 years then
Then 6 more kings for about 20 years
About 76 minor kings of the Delta, contemporary with the second half of the 13th dynasty.
32 minor kings contemporary with the 15th and 17th dynasties.
About 15 kings in all, contemporary with the 15th dynasty, the last three being
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